Richard L. Hess

Media History Page
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This section presents a series of articles and other documents on media history. If you would like to see your article presented here, please email me.

Authors Title Init. Pub. Last Rev.
Abstract / Comments

National Association of Broadcasters Tape and disc standards 1964 1976

The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) has kindly provided permission for making available their obsolete standards for cartridge, cassette, and reel tape recording as well as for disc recording. These are not as comprehensive as the IEC standards but provide useful data for engineers and restorers attempting to understand what went into making the recordings that they are currently restoring.

Each of the four standards are presented in two different formats: searchable scan and formatted text and graphics. The searchable scan is generally the most useful, but the formatted text and graphics shows the OCR errors (which are hidden in the other version) and would be useful if you wish to quote a portion of the document in a research paper.

Please note that while I have permission to make these available in their entirety, these standards are still under copyright by the National Association of Broadcasters. Thanks are due to Janet Elliott and Graham Jones of the NAB Science and Technology Department for arranging for the permission and for the clean scans from the NAB library.


European Broadcasting Union Review of existing systems for the synchronisation between film cameras and audio tape-recorders 1973-02 2006-03
In 2005, someone sent me a poor fax of a portion of EBU Tech 3095 Review of existing systems for the synchronisation between film cameras and audio tape-recorders. I asked the EBU for a copy and permission to post it. They opted to make it available on their web site. This is an important document to aid in understanding synchronization systems when "double system" film sound recording was in widespread use utilizing magnetic audio tape (as opposed to sprocketed film).

Hess, Richard L. The Jack Mullin/Bill Palmer Tape Restoration Project 2001-07 2001-05
This Project Report in the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society outlined the work done by the author of these Web pages to reproduce tapes that Mullin brought over from Germany in 1946 and were used for recording shows such as Philco Radio Time with Bing Crosby and The Burl Ives Show (also sponsered by Philco) until a domestic supply of tape could be secured. After Mullin started using new tapes, his partner Bill Palmer used some of these tapes for industrial film soundtracks.

Engel, Friedrich Karl and Peter Hammar A Selected History of Magnetic Recording 2006-08 2006-08
A brief history of magnetic tape from the BASF Historian and the founding curator of the Ampex museum.

Engel, Friedrich Karl, ed. Oberlin Smith and the Invention of Magnetic Sound Recording 1989-06 2006-08
An Appreciation on the 150th Anniversary of the Inventor's Birth

Engel, Friedrich Karl Walter Weber's Technical Innovation at the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft 2006-08 2006-08
Walter Weber (1907-1944) was one of the highly innovative engineers at Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft (RRG, German Broadcast Company). Judging from today's standpoint, his most im-portant contribution to the development of audio technology was the implementation (not the inven-tion) of high frequency biasing in practice. Thus at a single stroke magnetic recording became the most favourable method in sound recording, both in terms of reliability and quality. Subsequently, Weber combined magnetic tape recording and stereophony. Thus the state of recording technology at RRG was ahead of its time.

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